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AN 



DELIVERED 



'\i; THE REQUEST OF THE SELECTMEN OF THE 
TOWN OF BOSTON^ 



ANNIVERSARY 



A*^Ii;^\Ci«W IKOE^E^TBI^KeiS, 



IN THE YEAR 



BY THEODORE LYMAN, JUK. 



BOSTON: 

PRIJfTED'iY*5^. T. BUCKINGHAM; 

No. 17, CorDhill. 






VOTE OF THE TOWN 



^'Wxvwwv\4f 



At a meeting of the freeholders and other inhabitants of the town of 
Boston, assembled at Fanueil Hall, on Tuesday, the 4th day of July, 
A. D. 1820, at 9 o'clock, A. M. and then adjourned to the Old South 
Church, 

Voted, That the Selectmen be, and hereby are, appointed a com- 
mittee, to wait on Theodore Ltman, junV. Esq. in the name of 
the town, and thank him for the elegant and spirited Oration, this day 
delirered by him at the request of the town, upon the Anniversary of 
American Independence, in which were considered the feelings, man- 
ners, and prmciples, which produced that great national event, and 
the important and happy effects, general and domestic, which have al- 
ready, or will forever, flow from that auspicious epoch ; and to re- 
quest of him a copy for the press. 

Attest, THOMAS CLARK, Town Clerk. 



(5P3T^^x.^ 



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This year, fellow- citizens, is one of tlie first 
years since the resignation of General Wasiiington 
in 1797, wlien all tlie inhabitants of this town have 
professed a political attachment to the President of 
Hie United States ; it is also one of tlie first years 
since the adoption of the Federal Constitution, 
when it would be difficult to ascertain the exact 
differences of state or town parties of the present 
i iuie, or to foresee those wliich may hereafter exist. 
Ind the gentlemen, who liavc thought lit to assign 
to me the duty of speaking the address customary 
on this occasion, liave been selected by their fellow- 
citizens, with a slight inequality as to number, from 
those two celebrated parties, wliich formerly embit- 
tered much of your domestic intercourse, and which 
have never failed to manifest the political zeal and 
consistency that have always distinguished this 
town. — Above all, before another anniversary of 



your independence again return.*; the 200tli ycai 
will be completed since your forefathers landed at 
Plymouth. I mention this as another great circum- 
stance of harmony and thanksgiving, and it cannot 
be remarked wiili too much admiration nm\ grati- 
tude, that in less than two hundred years New- 
England, first settled by those illustrious puritans, 
has herself become an old coiuitry and annually 
sends forth lier children not to struggle on coasts 
hard and forbidding like her own, but to settle tlie 
richest portions of this vast continent ; but what is 
still more extraordinary, Ncw-Ejigland finds her- 
self upon the approach of this 200th year happier, 
freer, and better united in feeling and council than 
in any one year which has gone before it. And 
upon this birth day of your inde]>endence may I not 
speak of the birth day of this part of the nation 
with exultation to men, who have been truly repub- 
licans for two hundred years, mIiosc foreftiiiieis 
manifested as pure and steady and passionate lovo 
of liberty in the 17th and 18th centuries as you have 
done in the l9th. — It is in vain to say that your 
liberty or your republican institutions begun on the 
4th July 1776. That blessed day did you no 
other good than to make you independent as a 
natitm. But those institutions begun on the 3ist 
day of I)ecem])or 1620, that day, when those stout 
hearted pilgrims first set up their frail tabernacle in 



the wilderness, iitilc divining tliat hercaft^* sermons 
slionld be preacliedj and orations delivered, and 
odes sung to the praise of iliat event, and that a. 
great people, abounding in all the luxuries of life 
and acquainted with (.he history of Jill antiquity, 
should go and visit that bleak and inliospitable 
rock, as the traveller visits an ancient valley in the 
old world consecrated by tradition as the spot, 
where the founders of a great empire were nursed 
by a wild beast of the forest. 

It is another good sign of the present year that 
excitement has ceased from without as well as from 
within. The faithful ship still passes as safely 
and frequently across the Atlantic, her sides ai-e 
still beaten by gales, and her deck is still watched 
in long and dangerous nights by the same bold 
and enterprising mariners ; but she now sails 
silently and unheeded into your harbours, and the 
house top is no longer crowded to liear, if there be 
more battles of Marengo, Austerlitz, Leipsic or 
Waterloo. True it is, the day of Bulletins, Cos- 
sacks, Campaigns, Marshals and Bivouacs is 
passed, and that character bestov* cd with such ad- 
mirable precision npon the Athenians ceases to be 
peculiar to you. •^' For all the Athenians and stran- 
gers which were there, spent their time in noi])ii?g 
tdsc, but cltlier to tell or Iicar something ncv. /* 



But here I come io a subject which is far lioin 
oeinz in harmony witli tlic other deli2:htful recol- 
lections and circumstances of this day. It is due 
to the early and keen enmity whicii your ances- 
tors, particularly in this town, always manifested to 
slavery ; it is due to your characters, equally as 
Christians, men and as repu])licans, and, if I may 
say it with becoming respect, it is due to my o^^l> 
feelings, that I should spef^k of this suhject with 
earnestness and solemnity. More especially, as it 
will seem vain and desperate in all future ages, 
even the most remote, to act or speak for liberty or 
emancipation, wiien the Americans, the freest peo- 
ple in the most enliglitened age of the world, Jiave 
consented to spread slavery over their country witli- 
out a limit as to time or in reality as to space ; in 
an age, too, when the most despotic governments of 
£urope have joined in this holy league against 
slavery, and men, alike renowned for talents, learn 
ing and religion have within a short time come out 
of a contest, wliich, witli one exception, has no 
parallel for length and violence in t\w political 
history of Great Britain, and have obtained a vote 
in tlie British parliament, which, I am bold to say, 
is not surpassed as to its good consequences to hu- 
manity by any vote in tlie political history of any 
• ountry. J(A\s aiul Komans bestowed at certain 
interval'^ porti'-ns of liberty upon their slaves : — ]n\i 



Americans, wiser, freer and moi'e eniiglitened, who 
inscribe upon the tablets of their laws, the freedom 
and equality of man, as the first and main axiom 
of the declaration of tlieir independence and of their 
state governments, and who declare that the birth 
right can never be forfeited but by offences against 
society, these republicans have in a solemn law 
scoffed at all liberty and equality, and at the birth 
of every man passed an attainder upon his blood of 
perpetual toil and servitude. I speak not this in 
reproach to man or men. The opinions and con- 
sciences of legislators ought to be as independent 
and sacred as the opinions and consciences of con- 
stituents. But it has fallen to my lot to record on 
this occasion, sacred to the emancipation of man 
and to every hope that good men feel for the safety 
and prosperity of their country, that disastrous vote 
of (Congress, which has put in eternal jeopardy the 
tranquillity and security of the most fertile part of 
our country. — Is it nothing that tliere shall live 
hereafter millions of people in those vast and fruit- 
ful regions, where will be found cities like Palmyra 
and Nineveh, and when the rivers Mississipi and 
Missouri shall be more famous than those great 
rivers the Tigris and the Euphrates ? Is it 
nothing that those plains, separated by high 
mountains and a great extent of territory from the 
white population of the Atlantic States, shall be 



covered with vast multitudes acquainted from their 
. cliildhood only with bondage and oppression. 
Indeed^ those must he lieediess and indifferent, 
who are not filled with dismay at the tliought of the 
long days of misery and bloodshed, which, perhaps, 
w ithin a few months have been laid up in store for 
these highly fa\ oured regions. It may not be that 
the trumpet of this jubilee shall always sound thus 
joyfully throughout the land. It may not be that thei 
servile wars, so frequent and well known among the 
ancient nations, shall never be renewed in this. — 
But those nations Avere emphatically military and 
were constantly and alilce girt for foreign battle as 
well as for the foe within their own borders. And 
it may not be that the speedy extermination almost 
to the last man and child of a powerful and 
wealthy population in one of the largest and most 
fertile islands of the ocean shall be the only exum- 
ples of terrible vengeance on the records of thes6 
centuries, over which the friend of man is called to 
lament. Indeed, you may still see upon your own 
hospitable shores a few of those unhappy men, 
barely escaping with their lives in that dreadful 
moment, and now condemned to wretchedness, pov- 
erty, and long wanderings in foreign lands. In- 
deed, I tremble for my country, says Mr. Jefferson 
in one of the most eloquent passages in our lan- 
guage, ^' I tremble for my coujitry, w hen I reflect 



that (rod is just, that his justice cannot sleep for- 
ever, that considering numbers and natural mean^ 
only an exchange of situation is among possible 
events. The Almighty has no attribute, which can 
take side with us in such a contest." Here then iii 
this curse and abomination of slavery, here is your 
dread and wo. You have no cause to fear the in- 
vasion of foreign enemies. There are already 
along your shores the graves, bearing the names 
and devices of foreign nations, of gallant men enough 
to serve as an eternal warning to all, who shall here- 
after attempt to set a desperate foot on your soil. 
You. have still less cause to fear for the safety of 
the Union. Every year has made this nation freer, 
more independent and better united. There is 
every year less discord in your national councils, 
less distrust in the success of national measures, 
and I ask those, who may look with a misgiving 
eye upon this observation, to read the history of 
their country from the time Mr. Hamilton begun to 
consolidate the national debt to the peace of Ghent 
in 1815. The laws are every year better under- 
stood and administered, and that remnant of colo- 
nial disposition and dependence, that even for many 
years after the emancipation led this people to re- 
gard European nations as friends and protectors, is 
now utterly absorbed by a steady and genuine pa- 
triotism. Not that you should consult with states- 
2 



10 

men either from the north or south, wliose opinions 
or interests may for a moment have been shocked or 
tlefeatedj but go out and consult with the people both 
from the north and south, and I believe, that I ven- 
ture little in saying, that whoever speaks after me 
on this occasion, will have abundant cause to thank 
Heaven, that the republic is still great," uncorriipted 
and unshaken. You, then, are as deeply concern- 
ed in the forebodings, which it has been impossible 
to repress on the present occasion, as the individ- 
uals among whom they may hereafter be accom- 
plished. Those individuals are your countrymen, 
most of the desolation and many of the battles of the 
tevolutionary war took place among them.. — Among 
them, too, is the tomb of your Washington, and they, 
too, are alike guiltless with yourselves of having 
first brought the curse of slavery on tlie nation. 
There are few nations in the old world, who have 
not sent hither some portion of their population and 
some tincture of their institutions, whether good or 
bad ; still no pestilent thing, no truly permanent 
evil remains upon the land but slavery.* 

* The Colonists are by Ihe law of nature free born, as indeed all 
men are, white or black. No better reason can be given for enslaving 
those of any colour, than such as Baron Montesquieu has humorous- 
ly given as the foundation of that cruel slavery exercised over the 
poor Ethiopians ; which threatens one day to reduce both Europe and 
America to the ignorance and barbarity of the darkest a,'ef. Does it 
bellow that it is right to enslave a man because he is black ? Will short 



li 

But, on the other hand^ if the nation has not suc- 
ceeded in subduing all its prejudices, it is delight- 
ful to reflect upon the conquest you have made over 
the presages and prejudices of the old world. It 
is delightful, that you should no longer be beset and 
oppressed with the opinions of European politicians 
as to the duration of the republic. You need no 
longer go and ask Dr. Price, if a restless and ambi- 
tious state will finally usurp all the powers and pri- 
vileges of the Union, or M. Mirabeau if the society 
of Cincinnati will be a patrician order, a ^^ military 
noblesse," assuming to itself the estates and digni- 

curled hair like wool instead of cbrislian hair, as it is called bj" those 
AvhoEe hearts are as hard as the nether millstone, help the argument ? 
Can any logical inference be drawn in favour of slavery from a flat 
nose or a long or a short face ? Nothing better can be said in favour 
of a trade, that it is the most shocking violation of the law of nature, 
has a direct tendency to diminish the idea of the inestimable value of 
liberty, and makes every dealer in it a tyrant, from the director_,of an 
African company to the petty chapman in needles and pins on the 
unhappy coast. It is a clear truth, that those who every day barter 
away other men^s liberty will soon care little for their own. To this 
cause must be imputed that ferocity, cruflty and brutal barbarity 
that has long marked the general character of the sugar islanders. 
They can in general form no idea of government, but that which in 
person or by an overseer, the joint and several proper representative 
of a Creole and of the d— — 1, is exercised over ten thousand of their 
fellow men, born with the same right to freedom, and the sweet en- 
joyments of liberty and life as their unrelenting task masters, the over- 
seers and planters." 

The Rights rf the British Colonists asserted and prored, by James 
Otis,— p. 43, &c. Boston, New England, 1764. 



12 

ties of the nation. It was useful and lionoiirable aic 
the time, that a defence of your constitution should 
have been prepared and sent forth to the nations, 
but even if other means of defence and those, too, 
of a far different kind did not now abound, I sliould 
be glad to know if the Avhole world can bring forth a 
more satisfactory defence of the constitution, and a 
more beautiful illustration of the republican scheme, 
than the example of the great man, to a\ hom I have 
just alluded. What more can be wanting to show 
that your rulers are republicans, than the extaordi- 
nary fact, that of the four men once standing at tlie 
head of the nation, three of them still live in a sin- 
g:idar privacy and retirement, coveting neither hon- 
our nor influence in town or country, and possessing 
neither office, title, or pension ? Who asks now, if 
the experiment of a republic has been made ? 
Those, who condescend to notice you even in for- 
eign lands, already search for other terms of re- 
proach, and no longer exulting in the speedy break- 
ing asunder of the federal Union, content themselves, 
forsooth, with the sorry rebuke, that the Americans 
have no poets, and that they have discovered no con- 
stellations. Who asks now if .this people has be- 
come a nation? Let such go to those famous seas, 
that wash the shores, wliere stood the celebrated 
and misnamed republics of antiquity. There they 
will find lofty ships of war of the most beautiful 
construction bearing the flag of a people, whose 



country lies 3000 miles beyond any shore even 
known to the inhabitants of those republics. Will 
it not affect with wonder and delight the brilliant 
imaginations of the people, who now dwell in those 
regions, that there sail upon their seas, that there 
come into their harbours those mas;nificent vessels, 
visited, as they have been, by the kings andempe- 
I'ors of the ancient dynasties of the earth — one of 
i,hem bearing the name of the saviour of his coun 
try and tlie father of tiie republic, — and the other 
bearing the name of the greatest philosopher of the 
yew and western world. Surely it will affect those 
imaginations with a double wonder and delight to 
behold that ship, which the nation has just sent 
forth — the mightiest vessel now floating on the ocean 
— bearing too the name of him, who discovered a 
world — and sailing too for that sea upon the shore of 
v/hich he w^as born. — Tiuly, this is a homage wor- 
thy of Columbus, and justly sent by a nation of 
10,000,000 of inliabitants in little more than 300 
years after their country was first seen by a Euro- 
pean eye. On the other hand fearless and indefati- 
gable men have penetrated across vast deserts and 
over dangerous mountains to that broad ocean, 
which washes the two great continents of the oldest 
and newest world, and have thus approached by 
land those countries of Asia, which the vast genius 
of Columbus taught him to do by water. At tlie 
Mandan villages upon the banks of one of tlie great 



14 

rivers of that wilderness, fartlier removed from the 
spot, wlierc you are now assembled, than half the 
breadth of that great ocean which your ancestors 
crossed, and, again, as far removed from that other 
great ocean, wliich also serves to divide the world, 
there your hardy and intrepid countrymen have 
fixed and secured a new boundary to the republic; 
like the Romanlcgions, sent forth to encamp among 
the barbarians, whether of Pict or Parthian, and to 
cause the eagle to be respected at the uttermost limit 
of the empire. If such revolutions shall take place 
in this country as have taken place in Europe, there 
may be no other way hereafter of designating the 
spot of an American encampment but by a few 
coins of the republic or broken instruments of war 
found buried and wasting in the earth. 

And shall it be of no account to mention liere, 
that the American flag has been unfurled on the 
plain of Marathon, under that fair and pure sky of 
Greece ? Shall it be of no account to say, that a 
frigate, bearing the name of the nation, has cast 
anclior in the Piroeus, the harbour of Athens, and 
the first clear and gentle waves, that came against 
that ship, had passed but a few moments before over 
a spot, where was won tlie greatest naval victory in 
in the cause of freedom ? From the quarter deck of 
that ship, your countrymen could see those splen- 
did ruins, still as fair and beautiful as the day when 
ihe marble was drawn from the quarry, aud the 



15 

v/oiulerful work of a small city, placed in a narrow 
district and known by a proverb for its sterility for 
more than 3000 years. There may have been those 
among them, who saw^ in that sight one more of the 
numerous forerunners of that destiny, which may 
alike await you. The laws of the Medes and 
Persians have changed. Of many of those mighty 
cities, whose renown once filled the world and to 
whose marts merchants came from the most distant 
parts of the earth, there now exists scarcely any 
remnant beyond a few coarse bricks marked with 
mysterious characters ; and on the contrary, so 
unaccountable is the history of the revolutions of 
man, that there are found in the deserts of the 
East vast fabricks, constructed with a power 
and an art beyond the comprehension of modern 
architects, fabricks as lasting and unchanged as the 
deserts upon which they stand, and whose builders 
and objects are as unknown as the nations that 
have once peopled those deserts. Is there then 
nothing to save you ? Shall all this virtue, liberty 
and intelligence perish from the face of tlie earth, 
depart as a scroll, when it is rolled together ? 
Little truly would it delight and profit the trav- 
eller, if in every fallen wall and shattered co 
lumn he only saw another type of the condi- 
tion of his distant and beloved country. Yes I 
my friends, let us believe that in your religion 
safety may be found for your republican insti- 



tulions. Not one of those nations^ that em- 
hraced Christianity, has yet disappeared like tli® 
nations that existed before them, aiid only one still 
remains in the abject and deplorable condition in 
which it was at tlie time that Christianity was re- 
vealed. Let usbelieve, too, that another safeguard 
may be found in the purity and peculiarity of your 
domestic habits — habits unknown to the ancient 
nations. The duties and rehitious of mat and 
wife, of parents and ciiildren, and that singular 
and liallowed atlacliment, which every man in this 
country has to his home and fireside, are the best 
pledges, far better than domestic gods or the smok- 
ed iraagesof ancestors, put up in the halls of your 
houses, that you will always love with a pure and 
sincere love the country in whicli you are boru;* 
and the rulers you liave apj^ointed to rule over you, 
It is not unbecoming, and I trust, tliat it will nofc 
be without its good purpose to allude liere to a 
most conspicuous and melancholy departure from 
those moral laws, which you account of such high 
value and import. It is not unbecoming, iuasmuch 
as that liberty, which vou now enjoy and which 
you are now assembled to celebrate, received its 
birth and chief and constant support from the reli- 
gious tenets and conduct of your ancestors. Con- 
sidering then the high moral and religious charac- 
ter in which you take so just a pride, it becomes 
the duty of those; who address you on this occasion. 



17 

to hold out to yoiiv rebuke and indignation every 
public deviation from that morality and religion, ae 
well as every setting at nought the political rights 
of the citizens. Full well do I know, that if it 
had been left to you to choose the spot, where the 
gallant man, to whom I have just alluded should 
fall, you would not have chosen a sod of his native 
soil ; nor would you have chosen a spot, where 
their death shots could be heard in the halls of the 
legislators of the republic ; much less would you 
have chosen, that the hand, which gave the death- 
wound, should have been the hand of a countryman 
and comrade in arms. Better would it have been, if 
that precious blood hadbeen poured out on the broad 
deck of his sliip, an offering to his country, and not 
upon the fair pure surface of his native land, an offer- 
ing to private resentment. Better would it have been, 
if that exalted spirit had fled away in the midst of 
contagion and disease — if twice in the same year, 
the messenger of death had come up and said to 
you, again another of your chosen children has 
quailed under the pestilence of a distant climate, 
and again a second tomb is abandoned to the rude 
and uncertain care of strangers in a foreign land. 
Above all, far better would it have been, if the 
great and salutary example, now on the records of 
your navy, had been properly heeded. If at this 
time we could say to you, another of those brave 
men. alike high in rank and alike known by brill- 
3 



18 

iantsuccesses over the enemy, had publicly and in the 
presence of an American fleet withheld himself from 
submitting to that practice, which has, within a few 
years, deprived this country of one of its mosteminent 
statesmen and one of its most distinguished officers. 
In the last place, it cannot be concealed, that a 
considerable uncertainty has at last settled upon 
the true interests of this country. The repose and 
poverty of Europe now operate like a great and 
fatal embargo upon your commerce, and the wealth 
which that commerce has been preparing the last 
thirty years, is now partly absorbed in projects for 
domestic manufactures. Few can have been so 
heedless and indifferent as to have overlooked the 
rapid and unforeseen authority, which that branch 
of wealth has acquired in the national councils and 
in the breasts of the citizens. It would not be easy 
to recount to you the vast and continued efforts 
made, more especially in the middle states, for the 
protection of manufactures, but no one can have 
passed by without solemn notice the vote, recently 
given in Congress on the subject of the Tariff bill. 
Still it will avail little to pass Tariff bills, if the 
present signs in Europe forebode more wars and 
commotions, when American wealth and enterprize 
will go back to commerce, and American commerce 
will be as widely spread and as productive as it 
was in the year 1808. Agriculture, too, has made 
a progress equally great, and successful. Agricul- 



19 

tural societies are now established on the Berkshire 
plan, if 1 am rightly informed, in every county of 
New England, except in the state of Rhode Island 
— in every county of the state of New York, and 
piuch has been done for the same good purpose in 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, North and 
South Carolina, Kentucky, Ohio, and even in the 
new state of Illinois. Here then is another in- 
stance putting to shame the notions of the econo- 
mists. In this America has but followed the splen- 
did examples of those rich countries of Italy and 
England, and by the extent and success of her com- 
merce she has prepared funds for the establishment 
of manufactures and the perfection of agriculture. 
The present years, therefore, abound in change as 
to the commercial interests of this country. Em- 
bargoes and wars checked but for a time the pro- 
gress of onebranch of industry, but the present feel- 
ings of the people and the disposition of the popu- 
lar and powerful limb of the government appear to 
be preparing to set in a totally opposite course and 
vocation a large portion of the commercial capital, 
enterprise, and intelligence of the nation. In the. 
mean time it becomes you to watch patiently and 
steadily in the porch till the waters shall be stir- 
red, and to recommend to your legislators to reflect 
well, before they consent to a measure, which will 
bring about the decline of your commerce and the 
decay and downfall of your navy. 



20 

These years too, appear to aLoiind in change as 
to the political state of Europe. It has not been 
sufficient that the Scythian, wlio never comes down 
into Europe, but when an empire is to be over- 
thrown, and who seems to be kept in the north by 
the hand of God, as an angel of retribution, to be 
brought forth at the interval of ages in order to re- 
press the ambition of individuals and to restore the 
equality of nations', it has not been sufficient that 
he has gone back to those remote, unknown, and 
itnbounded steppes beyond the Borysthenes and the 
wall of China— -it has not been sufficient to chain 
the giant to the rock of St. Helena. The spirit of 
reformation is in the people, and that miglity and 
\\ onderful man came up but as a great and strong in- 
strument to hasten along and to render more terrible 
and eff'ectual that miraculous revolution, of \\ hich 
the end and the meaning seem at last to be in full 
accomplishment and developement. France, Ba- 
varia, Spain and several of the small states of Ger- 
many have already received free constitutions, and, 
I trust, that every one, w ho shall come up here 
successively to address you, m ill liayc oiher coun- 
tries to enumerate thus rescued from bad govern- 
ments, till at last that spirit of independence and 
reformation, which begun in America, shall have 
spread peaceably and permanently throughout the 
christian and civilized world. 






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